A number of contrast agents have been developed to selectively distinguish liver pathologies. According to biodistribution and applications, MRI contrast agents may be categorised into three types: extracellular fluid, blood pool and target/organ-specific agents. MRI contrast agents may be administered orally or intravenously. MRI contrast agents incorporating chelating agents reduces storage in the human body, enhances excretion and reduces toxicity. The enhanced parts appear darker on T2-weighted images. Dysprosium, superparamagnetic agents and ferromagnetic agents are negative contrast agents. These agents shorten the T1, so the enhanced parts appear bright on T1-weighted images. Most paramagnetic contrast agents are positive agents. These elements shorten the T1 or T2 relaxation time, thereby causing increased signal intensity on T1-weighted images or reduced signal intensity on T2-weighted images. The majority of these agents are either paramagnetic ion complexes or superparamagnetic magnetite particles and contain lanthanide elements such as gadolinium (Gd3+) or transition metal manganese (Mn2+). doi: 10.1007/s0006-0.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents are categorised according to the following specific features: chemical composition including the presence or absence of metal atoms, route of administration, magnetic properties, effect on the magnetic resonance image, biodistribution and imaging applications. A review of the current evidence on gadolinium deposition in the brain. Pullicino R, Radon M, Biswas S, Bhojak M, Das K. Distribution and chemical forms of gadolinium in the brain: A review. High signal intensity in the dentate nucleus and globus pallidus on unenhanced T1-weighted MR images: Relationship with increasing cumulative dose of a gadolinium-based contrast material. Kanda T, Ishii K, Kawaguchi H, Kitajima K, Takenaka D. Stability of gadolinium-based magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents in human serum at 37 degrees C. doi: 10.1002/jmri.21969.įrenzel T, Lengsfeld P, Schirmer H, Hutter J, Weinmann HJ. Biodistribution of gadolinium-based contrast agents, including gadolinium deposition. Also differential expression analysis did not reveal any significantly differentially expressed genes between treatments.Īime S, Caravan P. Subsequent transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing using principal component analysis did not reveal treatment-related clustering. Four weeks after single application of GBCAs to 24-31 days old female mice, traces of Gd were detectable in the cerebellum for both, the linear and macrocyclic group. Subsequently, Gd quantification via laser ablation-ICP-MS and whole genome gene expression analysis of the cerebellum were performed. Animals were euthanized four weeks after injection. In this prospective animal study, three groups of eight mice each were intravenously injected with either linear GBCA gadodiamide, macrocyclic GBCA gadoterate (1 mmol GBCA/kg body weight) or saline (NaCl 0.9%). ![]() In the current study, we aimed to investigate the influence of GBCA administration on gene expression in the cerebellum of mice using a combination of elemental bioimaging and transcriptomics. According to previous in vitro experiments, a conceivable side-effect of Gd deposition could be an alteration of gene expression. Gadolinium (Gd) deposition in the brain, first and foremost in the dentate nucleus in the cerebellum, following contrast enhanced MRI, rose awareness of potential adverse effects of gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) administration.
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